In Rome itself the word forum denoted the flat and formerly marshy space between the Palatine and Capitoline hills (also called forum Romanum), which even during the regal period accommodated such public meetings as could not be held within the area Capitolina. In early times the forum Romanum was used for gladiatorial games, and over the colonnades were galleries for spectators; there were also shops of various kinds. Under the Roman Empire, when the forum became primarily a centre for religious and secular spectacles and ceremonies, it was the site of many of the city’s most imposing temples and monuments. Among the structures surviving in whole or in part are the Temple of Castor and Pollux, the Temple of the Deified Caesar, the Mamertine Prison, the Curia (Senate house), the Temple of Saturn, the Temple of Vesta, the Temple of Romulus, the Arch of Titus, the Arch of Septimius Severus, and the Cloaca Maxima.
Also during the imperial period a considerable number of new forums, the fora civilia (judicial) and venalia (mercantile), came into existence. In addition to the forum Romanum, the forums of Caesar and Augustus belonged to the former class, the forum boarium (cattle), holitorium (vegetable), etc., to the latter.
The 1st-century-BC architect Vitruvius stated that the ideal forum should be large enough to accommodate a large crowd but not so large as to dwarf a small one. He proposed a 3:2 length-to-breadth ratio. It is to this proportion that Trajan’s Forum in Rome was erected early in the 2nd century AD. Commissioned by the emperor Trajan and designed by Apollodorus of Damascus, it measures approximately 920 by 620 feet (about 280 by 190 m) and covers about 25 acres (10 ha). Persons entered through a triple gateway into a colonnaded open space lined with merchants’ booths. The forum is flanked by two semicircular, colonnaded exedrae. Opposite the gateway is the Basilica Ulpia, beyond which is Trajan’s Column, carved with relief sculpture depicting Trajan’s victories. The aesthetic harmony of this space has influenced many subsequent town planners.
Motishon · 3 months ago Published on 2025-11-02 02:10:48 ID NUMBER: 135675
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🗃️ Phone call with a friend
📅 Sunday 19 May 2019 03:50 AM
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Sajina Begum, Updated Sunday 19 May 2019 03 AM Very Nice Images of the Shajina Begam, Beautifully Photos of the Sajeena Begom, Super Beautiful Top Pictures of the Shajeena Bagam is My Favorites, Begam, Hena Hana HEENA BEGUM, সাজিয়া বেঘম, হেনা বেগম.
🗃️ The wife is dressed
📅 Sunday 19 May 2019 03:50 AM
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Sajina Begum, Updated Sunday 19 May 2019 03 AM Very Nice Images of the Shajina Begam, Beautifully Photos of the Sajeena Begom, Super Beautiful Top Pictures of the Shajeena Bagam is My Favorites, Begam, Hena Hana HEENA BEGUM, সাজিয়া বেঘম, হেনা বেগম.
🗃️ Jungle maiden
📅 Sunday 19 May 2019 03:50 AM
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Sajina Begum, Updated Sunday 19 May 2019 03 AM Very Nice Images of the Shajina Begam, Beautifully Photos of the Sajeena Begom, Super Beautiful Top Pictures of the Shajeena Bagam is My Favorites, Begam, Hena Hana HEENA BEGUM, সাজিয়া বেঘম, হেনা বেগম.
🗃️ Took a bath
📅 Sunday 19 May 2019 03:50 AM
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Sajina Begum, Updated Sunday 19 May 2019 03 AM Very Nice Images of the Shajina Begam, Beautifully Photos of the Sajeena Begom, Super Beautiful Top Pictures of the Shajeena Bagam is My Favorites, Begam, Hena Hana HEENA BEGUM, সাজিয়া বেঘম, হেনা বেগম.
🗃️ Village portrait in red dress
📅 Sunday 19 May 2019 03:50 AM
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🗃️ Straight man
📅 Sunday 19 May 2019 03:50 AM
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🗃️ You look poor
📅 Sunday 19 May 2019 03:50 AM
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The Quran is the supreme book. There is no other book on this book. I love the Quran very much.
Quran is supreme book
Monday 01 January 2024 02:20 PM
🆔 LSML201400
Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese. Green area or background so beautiful.
Duck is common name
Monday 01 January 2024 02:20 PM
🆔 LSML201400
