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In Rome itself the word forum denoted the flat and formerly marshy space between the Palatine and Capitoline hills (also called forum Romanum), which even during the regal period accommodated such public meetings as could not be held within the area Capitolina. In early times the forum Romanum was used for gladiatorial games, and over the colonnades were galleries for spectators; there were also shops of various kinds. Under the Roman Empire, when the forum became primarily a centre for religious and secular spectacles and ceremonies, it was the site of many of the cityβs most imposing temples and monuments. Among the structures surviving in whole or in part are the Temple of Castor and Pollux, the Temple of the Deified Caesar, the Mamertine Prison, the Curia (Senate house), the Temple of Saturn, the Temple of Vesta, the Temple of Romulus, the Arch of Titus, the Arch of Septimius Severus, and the Cloaca Maxima. Also during the imperial period a considerable number of new forums, the fora civilia (judicial) and venalia (mercantile), came into existence. In addition to the forum Romanum, the forums of Caesar and Augustus belonged to the former class, the forum boarium (cattle), holitorium (vegetable), etc., to the latter. The 1st-century-BC architect Vitruvius stated that the ideal forum should be large enough to accommodate a large crowd but not so large as to dwarf a small one. He proposed a 3:2 length-to-breadth ratio. It is to this proportion that Trajanβs Forum in Rome was erected early in the 2nd century AD. Commissioned by the emperor Trajan and designed by Apollodorus of Damascus, it measures approximately 920 by 620 feet (about 280 by 190 m) and covers about 25 acres (10 ha). Persons entered through a triple gateway into a colonnaded open space lined with merchantsβ booths. The forum is flanked by two semicircular, colonnaded exedrae. Opposite the gateway is the Basilica Ulpia, beyond which is Trajanβs Column, carved with relief sculpture depicting Trajanβs victories. The aesthetic harmony of this space has influenced many subsequent town planners.
Junaki Β· 1 month ago
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Jadobe Β· 2 months ago
Vespula pensylvanica queen
Vespula pensylvanica, the western yellowjacket, is a Nearctic species of wasp in the genus Vespula.[1][2] It is native to regions of North America, largely in areas with northern temperate climates. Its reproductive behavior is constrained by cold weather, which successfully reduces the number of western yellowjackets in cold months. However, in the absence of cold weather, this wasp's population can explode. The western yellowjacket has become particularly invasive in the Hawaiian Islands, resulting in their label as a major pest.[3][4] |
Jadobe Β· 2 months ago
Vespula squamosa
Vespula squamosa, or the southern yellowjacket, is a social wasp. This species can be identified by its distinctive black and yellow patterning and orange queen.[1] This species is typically found in eastern North America, and its territory extends as far south as Central America.[1] Within these territories, they create enormous, multiple-comb nests.[2] The colonies may be either annual or perennial depending on the climate, and in many perennial nests, polygyny takes place.[3] In addition, this species uses pheromones both as a sexual attractant and an alarm signal.[4] This species feeds on insects and animal carcasses; it does not produce honey.[5] V. squamosa, a social insect, has developed a parasitic relationship with the species V. vidua and V. maculifrons.[2] Due to their painful, venomous stings, the species is considered a pest.[1] |
Jadobe Β· 2 months ago
Yellowjacket or yellow jacket
Yellowjacket or yellow jacket is the common name in North America for predatory social wasps of the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula. Members of these genera are known simply as "wasps" in other English-speaking countries. Most of these are black and yellow like the eastern yellowjacket (Vespula maculifrons) and the aerial yellowjacket (Dolichovespula arenaria); some are black and white like the bald-faced hornet (Dolichovespula maculata). Some have an abdomen with a red background color instead of black. They can be identified by their distinctive markings, their occurrence only in colonies, and a characteristic, rapid, side-to-side flight pattern prior to landing. All females are capable of stinging. Yellowjackets are important predators of pest insects.[1] |
Jadobe Β· 2 months ago
Eastern yellowjacket
The eastern yellowjacket or eastern yellow jacket (Vespula maculifrons) is a wasp found in eastern North America.[1] Although most of their nests are subterranean, they are often considered a pest due to their nesting in recreational areas and buildings.[2] This yellow jacket is a social insect, living in colonies of hundreds to thousands of individuals.[3] Along with their subfamily, Vespinae, this species demonstrates supportive parental care for offspring, separation of reproductive and sterile castes, and overlapping generations.[4] They aggressively defend their hives from threats and are known to inflict painful stings. |
Jadobe Β· 2 months ago
Crevalle jack
The crevalle jack (Caranx hippos), also known as the common jack, black-tailed trevally, couvalli jack, black cavalli, jack crevale, or yellow cavalli is a common species of large marine fish classified within the jack family, Carangidae. The crevalle jack is distributed across the tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean, ranging from Nova Scotia, Canada to Uruguay in the western Atlantic and Portugal to Angola in the eastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is distinguishable from similar species by its deep body, fin colouration and a host of more detailed anatomical features, including fin ray and lateral line scale counts. It is one of the largest fish in the genus Caranx, growing to a maximum known length of 124 cm and a weight of 32 kg, although is rare at lengths greater than 60 cm. The crevalle jack inhabits both inshore and offshore waters to depths of around 350 m, predominantly over reefs, bays, lagoons and occasionally estuaries. Young fish dispersed north by currents in the eastern Atlantic are known to migrate back to more tropical waters before the onset of winter; however, if the fish fail to migrate, mass mortalities occur as the temperature falls below the species' tolerance. |
Jadobe Β· 2 months ago
Gelbschwanz schnapper in wiki
Der Gelbschwanz-Schnapper (Ocyurus chrysurus, Syn.: Sparus chrysurus) ist eine Fischart, die im westlichen Atlantik von der KΓΌste des amerikanischen Bundesstaates North Carolina und der Bermudas ΓΌber die Karibik und den Golf von Mexiko bis an die KΓΌste des sΓΌdΓΆstlichen Brasilien vorkommt. Selten werden sie auch nΓΆrdlich bis Massachusetts beobachtet oder gefangen. Besonders hΓ€ufig ist die Art in der Karibik, an der KΓΌste Floridas und bei den Bahamas. Die Art ist das einzige Mitglied der Gattung Ocyurus. |
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