In Rome itself the word forum denoted the flat and formerly marshy space between the Palatine and Capitoline hills (also called forum Romanum), which even during the regal period accommodated such public meetings as could not be held within the area Capitolina. In early times the forum Romanum was used for gladiatorial games, and over the colonnades were galleries for spectators; there were also shops of various kinds. Under the Roman Empire, when the forum became primarily a centre for religious and secular spectacles and ceremonies, it was the site of many of the cityβs most imposing temples and monuments. Among the structures surviving in whole or in part are the Temple of Castor and Pollux, the Temple of the Deified Caesar, the Mamertine Prison, the Curia (Senate house), the Temple of Saturn, the Temple of Vesta, the Temple of Romulus, the Arch of Titus, the Arch of Septimius Severus, and the Cloaca Maxima.
Also during the imperial period a considerable number of new forums, the fora civilia (judicial) and venalia (mercantile), came into existence. In addition to the forum Romanum, the forums of Caesar and Augustus belonged to the former class, the forum boarium (cattle), holitorium (vegetable), etc., to the latter.
The 1st-century-BC architect Vitruvius stated that the ideal forum should be large enough to accommodate a large crowd but not so large as to dwarf a small one. He proposed a 3:2 length-to-breadth ratio. It is to this proportion that Trajanβs Forum in Rome was erected early in the 2nd century AD. Commissioned by the emperor Trajan and designed by Apollodorus of Damascus, it measures approximately 920 by 620 feet (about 280 by 190 m) and covers about 25 acres (10 ha). Persons entered through a triple gateway into a colonnaded open space lined with merchantsβ booths. The forum is flanked by two semicircular, colonnaded exedrae. Opposite the gateway is the Basilica Ulpia, beyond which is Trajanβs Column, carved with relief sculpture depicting Trajanβs victories. The aesthetic harmony of this space has influenced many subsequent town planners.
Motishon Β· 3 months ago Published on 2025-11-02 02:10:48 ID NUMBER: 135675
Hypostomus subcarinatus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the coastal drainage basins of eastern Brazil, including the SΓ£o Francisco River basin. The species reaches 31 cm (12.2 inches) in total length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.[1] Although originally described in 1855, no verifiable scientific record of the species was made until a 2014 survey of an urban lake in downtown Belo Horizonte in the state of Minas Gerais collected seven specimens that were later recognized as Hypostomus subcarinatus, leading to a redescription of the species in 2019.[2]
Hypostomus commersoni[1] is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the ParanΓ‘ River drainage, including the Iguazu River, the Paraguay River, the RΓo de la Plata, and the Dulce River. It is typically found in rivers with muddy substrates and moderate currents. The water that H. commersoni inhabits usually has a temperature of 16.8 to 27.8 Β°C (62.2 to 82.0 Β°F), a pH of 7.2 to 9.2, a turbidity of 23.7 to 442 NTU, an oxygen concentration of 6.1 to 9.1 mg/L, and a conductivity of 1.087 to 2.654 ΞΌS/cm.[2]
The zebra bullhead shark (Heterodontus zebra) is a bullhead shark of the family Heterodontidae found in the central Indo-Pacific between latitudes 40Β°N and 20Β°S, from Japan and Korea to Australia.[1][2] It is typically found at relatively shallow depths down to 50 m (160 ft), but off Western Australia, it occurs between 150 and 200 m (490 and 660 ft).[1] It can reach a length of 1.25 m (4.1 ft).[2] The reproduction of this bullhead shark is oviparous.[2]
Naja is a genus of venomous elapid snakes commonly known as cobras (or "true cobras"). Various species occur throughout Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Several other elapid species are often called "cobras", such as the king cobra and the rinkhals, but they are not "true cobras", in that they do not belong to the genus Naja.[1][2][3]
The black-necked spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) is a species of spitting cobra found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. They are moderately sized snakes that can grow to a length of 1.2 to 2.2 m (3.9 to 7.2 ft) in length. Their coloration and markings can vary considerably. They prey primarily on small rodents. They possess medically significant venom, although the mortality rate for untreated bites on humans is relatively low (~ 5β10%, in endemic regions under 1%). Like other spitting cobras, they can eject venom from their fangs when threatened (one drop over 7 metres (23 ft) and more in perfect accuracy). The cytotoxic venom irritates the skin, causing blisters and inflammation, and can cause permanent blindness if the venom makes contact with the eyes and is not washed off.
The rinkhals (/ΛrΙͺΕk(h)Γ¦ls/; Hemachatus haemachatus), also known as the ringhals /ΛrΙͺΕhΓ¦ls/[4] or ring-necked spitting cobra,[5] is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is found in parts of southern Africa.[1][3] It is not a true cobra in that it does not belong to the genus Naja, but instead belongs to the monotypic genus Hemachatus. While rinkhals bear a great resemblance to true cobras, they also possess some remarkable differences from these, resulting in their placement outside the genus Naja.[6] In 2023, the Zimbabwe population was described as a new species, H. nyangensis.[7]
