The next city on this list is the capital city of Australia, Canberra. The city of Canberra is very well-planned. Such a level of city planning is not very common in other cities of Australia.
The population of this city is estimated to be around 440,000. The total area of this city is spread across 814 sq km. The community of Nugunnawal people occupied the current area of this city for more than 21,000 years.
The history of the city of Canberra is very interesting. There were six independent colonies on the Australian continent by the end of the 20th century. When a decision to form a federation of colonies was taken, people faced a big conflict of selecting the capital City for this federation. There were some suggestions to choose either Sydney or Melbourne as the capital city of the Commonwealth of Australia. But people could not reach a single decision. As a result, a decision to build a new decision was taken, and thus the city of Canberra was founded.
After an international design contest for the city of Canberra, the city design proposed by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin won this contest, and administrators built the city of Canberra according to this design.
The best places to visit in Canberra include the Mount Ainslie, the Australian war memorial, Lake Burley Griffin, etc.
The Plasma membrane, which is also known as Cell Membrane, demarcates between the outer part and inner part of the cell, and it is a membrane found in all living beings' cells. The structure and components' division of Plasma Membrane is different for plant cells and animal cells, and a point to be noted here is that the structure and components of Plasma Membrane are different for different types of animal cells as well. In the exterior parts of plant cells, one can find a cell wall before the Plasma Membrane if talked about plant cells. And, Lipid molecules are observed before the Plasma Membrane if talking about the Bacterial Cell's Case. This layer of lipid molecules is also observed before the Plasma Membrane in many other animal cells, and it is a semipermeable layer. This layer is very important from the view of the Plasma Membrane as it is responsible for the transportation as well as regulations of materials inside the Plasma Membrane. Other than this, Plasma Membrane is also very important as it controls the in and out movement of the molecules inside a living cell, both large and small cells. All these materials found in Plasma Membrane made it composed of different types of constituents. This article talks about all general constituents of Plasma Membrane but before understanding all these constituents, let's have a look at the Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane.
Fluid Mosaic Model
A new model of the plasma membrane was suggested by S.J. Singer and Garth L. Nicolson in the year 1972, which explained the plasma membrane's functions and microscopic examinations in a much better way than the previously proposed theories, and this theory is named the "fluid mosaic model ". With time, the model has evolved a little bit, and even so, it best describes the functions and structure of the plasma membrane as one now understands them. According to the fluid mosaic model, the plasma membrane is constituted of multiple components, such as phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol, which flow and change the site whilst keeping up the membrane's elementary integrity. Embedded proteins and phospholipid molecules move sideward to the membrane, and the fluidity of the plasma membrane is essential for the transport of the molecules and actions of the enzymes inside the cell.
Plasma membrane thickness is about 5- 10 nm. Human red blood cells, viewable through light microscopy, are nearly 8?m thick, or roughly 1,000 times thicker in comparison with a plasma membrane.
The components of plasma membranes are as follows:
The bilayer of phospholipid molecules composes the major stuff of the plasma membrane, and the polar ends of phospholipid (that look similar to a cluster of the balls in an interpretation model of an artisan) are in an association with watery fluid both in and out of the cell. As a consequence, both the planes of the plasma membrane are hydrophilic (water-loving) but in contrast, on the inside of the membrane, in the midst of its two planes, is a hydrophobic (water-fearing) or a non-polar section due to the fatty acid tails, this section or region do not have any attraction for polar molecules or water.
A particle of phospholipid is comprised of the backbone of three-carbon glycerol in the company of two fatty acid particles bound to 1 and 2 carbons and a group that possesses phosphate attached to carbon 3. Such an organization provides the entire molecule with an area illustrated as its head (a group that contains phosphate), that possesses a negative charge or a polar nature, and a portion called a tail with no charge (the fatty acids). The tail cannot form hydrogen bonds, but the head can make hydrogen bonding.
The second main chemical constituent of the plasma membrane is protein. Integral proteins are encapsulated in the plasma membrane and might stretch a part or all of the membrane and act as pumps or channels that help in the movement of particles inside and outside of the cell. Peripheral proteins are present on the internal areas or exterior of the plasma membrane, attached to either phospholipid molecules or to integral proteins. Integral and peripheral proteins both acts as enzymes, as constructural bonds for cytoskeleton fires, or as a component of recognition sites of the cell.
Receptors are the recognized sites on the membrane that are sites for attachments for materials that collaborate with the cell, and each receptor is formed to attach to a particular material. The attachment of a particular material to its receptor on the plasma membrane accelerates activities inside the cell, like stimulating enzymes engaged in metabolic pathways. These metabolic pathways are important for giving energy to the cell, preparing substances for the cell or toxins for discarding or breakdown of the cell's waste. In addition, neurotransmitters and extracellular hormones attach to receptors of the plasma membrane that transfer a signal into the cells to molecules inside the cell. Viruses use some recognition sites as attachment points. Howbeit they are largely specified, disease-causing organisms like the virus may emerge to misuse the recognition sites to enter inside the cell by imitating the particular substance that is meant to be bound with the receptor. This particularity aids in the explanation of why HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) or the hepatitis virus conquers only particular cells.
The third major constituent of the plasma membrane is always present on the cell's external surface, and it is attached either to lipids (making glycolipids) or proteins (making glycoproteins). About 2-60 monosaccharide units are composed of carbohydrate chains and can be branched or straight by structure. Carbohydrates with peripheral proteins create specialized sites on the surface of the cell that permits cells to identify one and all. These sites possess distinctive patterns which permit the cell to be identified, the same way facial features distinct to every individual let them be identified. This identification is essential for cells as it lets the immune system distinguish between foreign tissues or cells (known as non-self) and the body's cell (Known as self). The same types of glycolipids and glycoproteins are present on the superficial of viruses that change consistently, protecting immune cells from recognition and invading them.
Cholesterol is an additional component of the plasma membrane found in the animal cell that aids in keeping up the membrane's fluidity. It lies apace with phospholipid in the plasma membrane, that moist the impact of temperature on the membrane. Hence, these lipids act as a cushion, preventing lower temperatures from hindering fluidity and averting high temperatures from elevating fluidity excessively. So, cholesterol enlarges in both ways, the range of temperature in that the membrane is adequately fluid and subsequently functioning. Cholesterol is also involved in some other functions, like arranging collections of transmembrane proteins lipid rafts, also known as microdomains.
In contemporary India, Punjabi songs dominate the music industry. Now, Bollywood is also including Punjabi songs in their film. Punjabi songs receive a massive amount of youtube views, and their songs dominate at the party and on people's playlists. The popularity of Punjabi songs has risen multifold times in India, and they are doing great business. Some popular Punjabi singers are Guru Randhawa, Diljit Dosanjh, Sidhu Moose Wala, Jaasy Gill, Gippy Grewal, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Hardy Sandhu, Jass Manak, and many others.
It is a touching love song that soothes the soul of a person. It was released on 9 November 2018 on their youtube channel. Ranjit Bawa has given a voice, and Preet Judge has written lyrics. Music is given by Gold E Gill. It has received 613k likes and 93 Million views as of now.
Title
Phulkari
Music
Gold E Gill
Starring
Sidhika Sharma
Lyrics
Preet Judge
Director
Puneet S Bedi and Mohit Middha
DOP
Mintoo
Edit and Grading
Gobindpuriya
Mix and Mastered by
13 Db Sunny Nagra
Assistant Director
Mannu Singh and Pamma Rajput
Making/Stills
Viren Lubana
Casting
Senty Virk
Production
Rahul Production
Costume Designer
Deep Matharu
Makeup
Anthea
Label
Saga Music
Digitally Managed By:
Unisys
Yaari is a song for those who have faced a breakup in life. The song is for those who were in true love, but due to some reason, they have lost their love and friendship. This song will bring back your memories of your true love. It is filled with the heart-touching vocal of our very own favorite singer Aarsh Benipal.
Title
Yaari
Edit / Grading
Cinevillage Studios
DOP
Shoeb Siddiqui
Costume
Chahak Nagpal
Singer
Aarsh Benipal
Female Artist
Sanjana Singh
Music
R Guru
Lyricist
Jassi Lohka
Production
Seven Colors Motion Pictures ( Ishant Grover, Ashish Punyah Sharma, Sunil Sharma)
Producer
Summet Singh
Digitally Managed by
Unisys Infosolutions Pvt. Ltd
It is another sad song presented by Saga Hits on 22 March 2018 on their youtube channel. The song is a part of a movie called Khido Khundi. It is written by Fateh Shergill, music given by Jaidev Kumar, and sung by Ranjit Bawa.
Khido Khundi is a Punjabi movie released on 20 April 2018.
It was released on 16 March 2021 on their youtube channel called White Hill Music. This song has received 13 Million views and 231k likes on youtube. The channel has 20.9 million subscribers, which is huge. The song showcases various ups and downs in relationships, but they continue to hold on.
Song
Mohabbtan
Music
Laddi Gill
Production
Mandeep Hundal
Video
10+1 UK
VFX
Amit P Sharma
Editor
GS Bhari
DOP
Sam Malhi
Social Media Promotions
HOT ( Hub of Talent)
Violin by
Manas Kumar
Mix and Mastering by
MJ
Colorist
Prashant B Dhotre
Produced by
Manmord Sidhu and Gunbir Singh Sidhu
Guitar by
Gursimran Panesar
Flute by
Flute Preet
Singer/Lyrics/ Composer
Happy Raikoti
It was released on 24 February 2022 on a youtube channel called T- Series Apna Punjab. T- Series Apna Punjab has 31.3 million subscribers on Youtube. The song has received 3.9 million views and 18k likes on youtube. Daljit Chitti has penned down the lyrics and directed by Prateek.
Singer: Yuvraaj Hans
Featured: Soumya Joshi
Music: Parteek
Lyrics: Daljit Chitti
Music Label: T- Series
You can also listen to the full song on Jio Saavn, Resso, Youtube Music, i Tunes, Amazon Prime Music, Apple Music, Spotify, Hungama, and Ganna.
It was released on 28 August 2018 on the youtube channel SagaHits. It has received 116k likes and 9.7 million views on youtube. It is a romantic and heart-touching song, "Raati Saanu Neend Na Aayi," featuring Zoya Afroz. It is an extremely romantic song that can give you a feeling of being in true love. It showcases the feeling of fondness and infatuation between the people. Despite several quarrels, they continue to hold on to their relationship with care and love.
Title
Raati Saanu
Lyrics
Dr. Surendra Verma
Starring
Zoya Afroz and Gajendra Verma
Music
Gajendra Verma
Director
Vikram Singh
Label
Saga Music
Producer
Sumeet Singh
Lyric is given by Gora Gidderbaha, and music is given by SKB. The song was released on 19 January 2019 on their youtube channel called SagaHits. It was directed by Sukh Sanghera. The video has received 58k and 4.3million views on youtube.
Title
True Love
Album
True Love
Music
SKB
Starring
Bhawan Ghuman, Dil Butar
Lyrics
Gora Gidderbaha
Mix and Master
Guri
Director
Sukh Sanghera
Label
Saga Music
Digitally Managed by
Unisys Infosolutions
It was released on 3 July 2018 on Saga Hits youtube channel. The channel presents the heart-wrenching Mann Bharya Punjabi song "Zid". It has a melodic and touching vocal of Raman Romana featuring Nawab Faizi and Ramana Romana.
The song depicts an amazing heart-touching romantic love story in which a girl tries to prove her true love to her beloved one. She has fought many battles to prove his true love.
The music is composed by Juskeys, and the song has written by Vinder Nathu Majra. It has received 15k likes and 2.9 million views on youtube.
Title
Zid
Starring
Nawab Faizi and Raman Romana
Singer
Raman Romana
Lyrics
Vinder Nathu Majra
Music
Juskeys
Post Production
Last Page Studios
Editor and Director
Harry Panesar and Subham Kumar
DOP
Gagan Randhawa
Make up
Honey
Online Promotion
Studio Panic (+91-9355001113
Music Label
Saga Music
Digitally Managed By
Unisys Infosolutions Pvt. Ltd
Produced by
Summet Singh
A Music Film
Team Last Page
Undoubtedly, you must have heard stories about how India got independence and its struggle to achieve it. Let's get into it more. India was under the rule of the Britishers for almost 200 years, and there is no doubt that the period of those 200 years was a very tough time for the people of India. Despite the number of challenges and hardships, Indians never gave up and fought bravely for freedom, thus giving emergence to many freedom fighters.
The freedom fighters, whom we will discuss one by one in this article, are the people who chose to stand against the British Empire to fight with them for the freedom of India. These freedom fighters were the real heroes who fought with all that they had just to set India free from the rule of the Britishers. They devoted their whole life and even sacrificed their lives to make India an independent country.
In this article, we will learn about some of the most prominent freedom fighters of India who were active from 1857 to 1947. We must remember their efforts and contributions, as they are the ones who played a very significant role in shaping the history of India. So, let's dive in and discuss these brave individuals who fought for India's freedom:
Freedom fighter Rani Lakshmibai was born on 19 November, and the year was 1828. The birthplace of Rani Laxmibai was Varanasi, a city in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India. We all know her by the name of "Rani of Jhansi", but there is one more name she used to be known by in her childhood: Manikarnika. The name of the father of Rani Lakshmibai was Moropant Tambe, who was deployed as court advisor to the Peshwa of Bithoor, and the name of the Ranilakshmibai's mother was Bhagirathi Bai, and she was a homemaker.
As a child, Manikarnika was educated in many subjects, including archery, horse riding, and self-defense. She also received an education in Indian history, literature, and religion.
In 1842, Manikarnika was married to the Maharaja of Jhansi, Raja Gangadhar Rao. After her marriage, she was given the name Lakshmibai. Unfortunately, her husband passed away in 1853, and their son died a few months later. This left Lakshmibai in a vulnerable position.
Jhansi was one of the states affected when the British East India Company introduced the Doctrine of Lapse, which allowed them to annex territories without a legal heir. Lakshmibai refused to give up her kingdom and led her people in a fight against the British. She played a vital role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Rani Lakshmibai fought fiercely for Jhansi's independence and was known for her bravery and determination. She even trained an army of women to fight alongside her. Despite facing overwhelming odds, she never gave up.
Sadly, Lakshmibai was killed in battle on June 18, 1858. She was fighting against the British in Gwalior at the time. Her death greatly affected the Indian independence movement, but her legacy lives on. Today, Rani Lakshmibai is remembered as a hero and an icon of Indian independence.
Mangal Pandey was born on July 19, 1827, in Nagwa, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India. His father, Divakar Pandey, was a farmer, and his mother, Abhiyadevi, was a housewife. Mangal was the eldest son of his parents and had two younger brothers.
Mangal Pandey joined the British East India Company's army in 1849 and was posted to the 34th Bengal Native Infantry regiment. He received his training in Barrackpore, West Bengal, where he met other Indian soldiers who were also discontent with British rule.
In 1857, Mangal Pandey became a central figure in the Indian Rebellion against the British East India Company. Many remembered him for his role in the Barrackpore Mutiny, which took place on March 29, 1857.
Mangal Pandey had a very interesting story as a sepoy in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry. During that time, there were rumors that cow and pig fat was being used in rifle cartridges, and due to this, Mangal Pandey refused to use those cartridges. The reason behind not using cartridges by Mangal Pandey was that greasing cow and pig fat in cartridges was against the religious beliefs of both Hindus and Muslims.
The rebellion of Pandey, which was against his British superiors, resulted in a much larger mutiny in the regiment, which quickly spread to other units as well. This was the mutiny that marked the start of the Indian Rebellion of 1857; it is also called the First War of Independence.
But a very unfortunate incident took place, and the Britishers captured Mangal Pandey, and he was sentenced to death by hanging. The date on which he was executed or hanged was April 8, 1857. This all took place in the presence of his fellow soldiers. But it should be noted that despite this unfortunate incident, the fight for India's independence did not stop. This incident inspired many others to join the rebellion started by Mangal Pandey for the freedom of the country.
The next freedom fighter on our list is a brave Indian fighter, Tantia Tope (also written as Tatya Tope). He played a very important role during the struggling days of India for its independence. It was the year 1814 when Tantia Tope was born; the village was Panderpur which is present today in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Tantia Tope's father was a wealthy landowner named Pandurang Rao Tope. His mother's name was Rukhma Bai. Tantia Tope was a bright child from childhood who was always eager to learn new skills. Tantia Tope's father was the educator for Tantia Tope as he only received his education from his father. He also learned other skills, like horse riding and warfare, from the local soldiers.
It is to be noted that Tantia Tope was a close aide of Rani Lakshmibai. He was one of the key leaders of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Nana Sahib, an adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, appointed Tantia Tope for the post of general of the rebel army. Tantia Tope fought many battles against the Britishers; his military strategies and leadership skills proved very important in those wars.
Britishers captured Gwalior in 1858, and because of that, Tantia Tope and other rebel leaders were forced to retreat. Still, Tantia Tope's fight for the freedom of India did not get stopped, and he also waged guerrilla warfare against the forces of the Britishers. He traveled to many parts of India and fought battles against the Britishers, but unfortunately, he was captured by British forces in 1859.
Later, Tantia Tope, who was 45 years old at that time, was sentenced to death, and the execution was held on April 18, 1859. Despite his valiant efforts, Tatya Tope's vision of India as a country free from the British remained a dream for him during his lifetime. But his contributions and efforts will always be remembered whenever someone talks about freedom fighters of India.
