North America is a continent[b] in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.[c] North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes the Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada, the Caribbean, Central America, Clipperton Island, Greenland, Mexico, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the United States.
North America
# Country Population
(2024) Land Area
(Km²) Density
(P/Km²)
1 U.S.A. 345,426,571 9,147,420 38
2 Mexico 130,861,007 1,943,950 67
3 Canada 39,742,430 9,093,510 4
4 Guatemala 18,406,359 107,160 172
5 Haiti 11,772,557 27,560 427
6 Dominican Republic 11,427,557 48,320 236
7 Cuba 10,979,783 106,440 103
8 Honduras 10,825,703 111,890 97
9 Nicaragua 6,916,140 120,340 57
10 El Salvador 6,338,193 20,720 306
11 Costa Rica 5,129,910 51,060 100
12 Panama 4,515,577 74,340 61
13 Puerto Rico 3,242,204 8,870 366
14 Jamaica 2,839,175 10,830 262
15 Trinidad and Tobago 1,507,782 5,130 294
16 Belize 417,072 22,810 18
17 Bahamas 401,283 10,010 40
18 Guadeloupe 375,106 1,690 222
19 Martinique 343,195 1,060 324
20 Barbados 282,467 430 657
21 Curaçao 185,482 444 418
22 Saint Lucia 179,744 610 295
23 Grenada 117,207 340 345
24 Aruba 108,066 180 600
25 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 100,616 390 258
26 Antigua and Barbuda 93,772 440 213
27 United States Virgin Islands 84,905 350 243
28 Cayman Islands 74,457 240 310
29 Dominica 66,205 750 88
30 Bermuda 64,636 50 1,293
31 Greenland 55,840 410,450 0
32 Saint Kitts and Nevis 46,843 260 180
33 Turks and Caicos Islands 46,535 950 49
34 Sint Maarten 43,350 34 1,275
35 British Virgin Islands 39,471 150 263
36 Caribbean Netherlands 30,675 328 94
37 Saint Martin 26,129 53 493
38 Anguilla 14,598 90 162
39 Saint Barthélemy 11,258 21 536
40 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5,628 230 24
41 Montserrat 4,389 100 44
South America is a continent[g] entirely in the Western Hemisphere[h] and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern subregion of the Americas.
South America
# Country Population
(2024) Land Area
(Km²) Density
(P/Km²)
1 Brazil 211,998,573 8,358,140 25
2 Colombia 52,886,363 1,109,500 48
3 Argentina 45,696,159 2,736,690 17
4 Peru 34,217,848 1,280,000 27
5 Venezuela 28,405,543 882,050 32
6 Chile 19,764,771 743,532 27
7 Ecuador 18,135,478 248,360 73
8 Bolivia 12,413,315 1,083,300 11
9 Paraguay 6,929,153 397,300 17
10 Uruguay 3,386,588 175,020 19
11 Guyana 831,087 196,850 4
12 Suriname 634,431 156,000 4
13 French Guiana 308,522 82,200 4
14 Falkland Islands 3,470 12,170 0
The continent of Australia, sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul (/səˈhuːl/), Australia-New Guinea, Australinea, or Meganesia to distinguish it from the country of Australia,[1][2][3] is located within the Southern and Eastern hemispheres.[4] The continent includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, the island of New Guinea (Papua New Guinea and Western New Guinea), the Aru Islands, the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, most of the Coral Sea Islands, and some other nearby islands. Situated in the geographical region of Oceania, Australia is the smallest of the seven traditional continents.
Australia/Oceania
# Country Population
(2024) Land Area
(Km²) Density
(P/Km²)
1 Australia 26,713,205 7,682,300 3
2 Papua New Guinea 10,576,502 452,860 23
3 New Zealand 5,213,944 263,310 20
4 Fiji 928,784 18,270 51
5 Solomon Islands 819,198 27,990 29
6 Micronesia 526,923 700 753
7 Vanuatu 327,777 12,190 27
8 New Caledonia 292,639 18,280 16
9 French Polynesia 281,807 3,660 77
10 Samoa 218,019 2,830 77
11 Guam 167,777 540 311
12 Kiribati 134,518 810 166
13 Tonga 104,175 720 145
14 American Samoa 46,765 200 234
15 Northern Mariana Islands 44,278 460 96
16 Marshall Islands 37,548 180 209
17 Palau 17,695 460 38
18 Cook Islands 13,729 240 57
19 Nauru 11,947 20 597
20 Wallis and Futuna Islands 11,277 140 81
21 Tuvalu 9,646 30 322
22 Tokelau 2,506 10 251
23 Niue 1,819 260 7
Antarctica (/ænˈtɑːrktɪkə/ ⓘ)[note 1] is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).
Respiratory viral diseases are infectious. It generally infects the upper and lower parts of a person's respiratory tract.
Examples of respiratory diseases are:
Flu
Respiratory syncytial virus infection
Common cold
Parainfluenza virus infection
Adenovirus infection
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
Clinical Manifestation:
Runny or stuffy nose
Fever
Coughing or sneezing
Body aches
Transmission:
Respiratory viruses are transmitted via droplet infection (coughing or sneezing). A person may catch the infection if any person with viral infection sneezes or coughs near them, and unknowingly they inhale these droplets. Contaminated Objects, like tabletops, doorknobs, and one's own daily use items, can also transmit viruses if we use them and then touch our eyes or nose.
Treatment
These types of viral diseases cure on their own. But OTC (over-the-counter) drugs such as decongestants, antitussives, and analgesics help to lessen the symptoms.
Additionally, Tamiflu is an antiviral medicine that is recommended for a person suffering from the flu.
Precautions:
Maintaining good personal hygiene is the best way to prevent respiratory viral diseases
Wash hands frequently and cover your mouth while you're coughing or sneezing
To avoid interactions with the person showing symptoms of respiratory diseases
Hemorrhagic viral diseases are serious conditions where a person's circulatory system is damaged.
Examples of hemorrhagic viral diseases are:
Dengue fever
Marburg hemorrhagic fever
Yellow fever
Ebola
Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever
Lassa fever
Clinical Manifestation:
Weakness
High fever
Bleeding in internal organs
Bleeding under the skin
Body aches
Bleeding from the mouth or ears
Transmission:
Diseases like dengue and yellow fever are transmitted from a bite of infected insects, whereas diseases like Ebola are spread to a person when he comes in contact with the blood and body fluid of an infected person. Dried feces and urine of a rodent containing viruses cause Lassa fever when inhaled or consumed by someone unknowingly.
Treatment:
However, there is no exact regimen and cure for hemorrhagic viral diseases.
Keeping the body hydrated is very important for a person suffering from these infections, and sometimes IV (intravenous) fluids are recommended to a patient for maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance. In some cases, ribavarin, an antiviral drug, is prescribed.
Precautions:
People living or working in an area where these diseases are common can adopt the following preventions to decrease the risk:
Always wear protective clothing and use insect repellent. Try not to get bitten by insects such as ticks and mosquitoes
Protect yourself from viral infection while being in contact with an infected person by wearing proper protection like a face shield, gloves, and glasses.
Keep food covered, dispose garbage regularly, and keep doors and windows secure to prevent rodent infestation.
Researchers are continuously working to develop vaccines for various hemorrhagic viruses. Recently, the vaccine for yellow fever has been provided to people moving or visiting areas where this disease is common.
These diseases affect your digestive tract, and the viruses responsible for the infection are contagious and commonly lead to a condition known as gastroenteritis (stomach flu).
Examples of gastrointestinal viral diseases are:
Rotavirus infection
Astrovirus infection
Norovirus infection
Some adenovirus infection
Clinical Manifestation:
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Abdominal cramps
Transmission
During the bowel movement, gastrointestinal viruses are shed in the fecal matter. Food or water polluted by stool can transmit the viruses to other people. If a person shares utensils or personal items with anyone with a viral infection can also get caught by the virus.
Treatment
There is no treatment for gastrointestinal viral infection as, in various cases, they heal on their own in 2 -3 days only. A person should drink plenty of fluids to restore the loss that occurred due to vomiting and Diarrhea.
Prevention
These infections can be prevented by proper handwashing, especially after using the bathroom.
Wipe down the contaminated areas and avoid sharing personal items and utensils.
A vaccine for rotavirus is available and mentioned in the child's immunization schedule.
Inflammation of the liver, basically known as viral hepatitis, is a serious medical condition caused by hepatic viral diseases. Hepatitis A, B, and C are some of the most common types of viral hepatitis.
It is worth bearing in mind that infection caused by viruses like the yellow fever virus and cytomegalovirus may create certain complications to the liver.
Examples of hepatic viral diseases are:
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Clinical Manifestation
Fever
Loss of appetite
Abdominal pain
Jaundice, yellowing of your skin and eyes
Fatigue
Nausea and/or vomiting
Clay-colored bowel movements
Dark urine
Joint pain
Transmission
Hepatitis B and C can be spread from one individual to another through body fluids, for instance, transfusion of blood. Also, sharing personal items such as razors and needles that came into contact with blood transfers the virus. Hepatitis B also spreads by maintaining sexual contact with an infected person, and if someone already has hepatitis B can develop hepatitis D in the future. Consumption of food and water polluted by feces from someone having a virus can cause hepatitis A and E.
Treatment
Hepatitis B, C, and D are treated by managing the clinical signs and symptoms. Medications like antiviral drugs are recommended by the physician.
Hepatitis A and E are treated by taking supportive measures like saying no to alcohol, drinking plenty of fluids, and taking proper rest and sleep.
Prevention
Vaccines are available for both hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
Some other precautions to prevent viral hepatitis are:
Do not share razors or needles
Practice safe sex
Do not consume food and drinks that may be contaminated by feces
Some viruses infect the brain and tissues surrounding it, which leads to neurologic viral diseases.
Examples of neurologic viral diseases are:
Viral meningitis
Rabies
Polio
Viral encephalitis
Clinical Manifestation
Confusion
Seizures
Fever
Drowsiness
Coordination problems
Transmission
Various neurological viruses transmit after getting bitten by an infected animal or bugs, like ticks and mosquitoes.
While viruses like poliovirus and enterovirus are communicable and transmitted when an individual comes in close contact with a person with a virus. These viruses can also get spread through contaminated items.
Treatment
There is no particular treatment available for a person with mild meningitis or encephalitis. Having OTC anti-inflammatories, taking proper rest, and drinking plenty of water helps to relieve the pain or headaches. In certain cases, physicians may recommend taking antiviral medication.
Person suffering from polio or serious viral meningitis or encephalitis may need further medical assistance like breathing assistance and intravenous fluids.
If any animal bites someone and is under suspicion to have rabies, a series of shots will be administered to the person, which will prevent the rabies virus from spreading in the body.
Prevention
Maintaining good hygiene
Try to avoid close contact with the person having the virus
Preventing ourselves from getting bitten by the insects
Keep your pets vaccinated to decrease the spread of rabies and also stay away from wild animals
Get a vaccine for both poliovirus and mumps virus
Lesions and papules form on the skin because of cutaneous viral diseases. In the majority of cases, lesions remain on the skin for a long period of time or reappear again after disappearing for a short time.
Examples of cutaneous viral diseases are:
Oral herpes
Molluscum contagiosum
Warts, including genital warts
Genital herpes
Transmission
These viruses are transferable and generally spread through close contact with a person having a virus. Touching or using objects such as towels or faucet handles that are contaminated by the virus can cause the infection.
Treatment
Warts or molluscum contagiosum form papules that heal on their own. A simple-in-office procedure like cryotherapy can also be done to remove the papules.
Antiviral drugs such as acyclovir are prescribed by the doctor to reduce or prevent outbreaks.
Prevention
Maintaining a good hygiene routine
Avoid sharing personal items
Close contact with the person having active lesions should be avoided to lessen the risk of developing the infection.
Exanthematous virus diseases give rise to skin rashes, and most of them lead to other added symptoms too. The majority of the viruses in this classification are extremely communicable.
Examples of exanthematous virus diseases are:
Rubella
Smallpox
Chikungunya virus infection
Roseola
Measles
Fifth disease
Clinical Manifestation
Pink-to-red spots or bumps on the trunk, legs, and arms
A rash may be itchy
Fatigue
Fever
Loss of appetite
Pain
Irritability
Transmission
These viruses transmit through the droplets from the sneeze or cough of an infected person.
Virus diseases like smallpox and chickenpox spread when a person comes into contact with fluid in broken derm lesions.
People suffering from chickenpox develop shingles eventually as it is a regeneration of the virus 'varicella- zoster' that has been resting in the body's cell.
Chikungunya virus transmitted via mosquito bite is a non-communicable disease that cannot be spread from one person to another.
Treatment
Treatment of these diseases targets managing the clinical manifestation. Medications like acetaminophen help to reduce fever and some other distressing symptoms.
The person having chickenpox or shingles infections is recommended to take antivirals medications like acyclovir.
Prevention
Vaccines for measles, chickenpox, smallpox, and shingles are available. The risk of developing chikungunya virus infection can be prevented by protecting against mosquito bites.
Conclusion
There are several virus diseases, such as stomach flu or the common cold, that are minor and go away on their own in a few days only. However, some are very serious.
Basically, virus diseases don't respond to antibiotics, and their treatment generally focuses on the management of their clinical manifestation. One can support their immune system by taking proper rest and sleep, maintaining good hygiene, taking a balanced diet, and keeping the body hydrated.
The human head comprises a fleshy exterior layer covering the bone structure called a Skull. The front of the head consists of the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth which is called as Face. The main function of the head is to envelop and support the brain and its primary sensory organs like the mouth, eye, ears, and nose. These organs function by accepting messages from the nervous system in the brain and then reacting accordingly. The head is probably the most sensitive part of the human body. The vascular and muscular structures of the head contain millions of small interconnected parts and nerves that need to be located very precisely to their location to work properly. The human head includes several parts such as Skull, Cranium, Mandible, Maxilla, Nasal bone, Zygomatic bone for the eye and the face includes, eyes, nose, ears, mouth, and tongue.
Upper limbs include the shoulder, arms, upper arm, elbow, forearm, hand, wrist, palm, and fingers. In casual language, the term arm usually refers to the entire upper limb starting from the shoulder to the fingers. But the part between the shoulder and elbow is known as the upper arm and the part between the elbow and wrist is called Forearm.
Shoulder
It is a ball and socket-like joint located where the humerus end and clavicle and scapula are present.
Elbow
It is a hinge joint between the humerus and ulna.
Hands
The hands are an important part of the body because it acts evolutionary to all environmental stimuli. Both the hands are controlled by the left or right brain hemisphere so it depends on it for preferred hand choice for single-handed activities like writing, eating, etc. This reflects the trait of a particular individual and thus can vary from person to person.
Lower Limb
The lower limbs consist of the hip, butts, leg, thighs, calves, lower leg, knee, ankle, foot, heel, and toes.
Buttock
The butts are a mass of glutes or glute muscles covered by a thick layer of fat.
Leg
The leg is often said as a lower limb of the body which extends from the area of the hip to the ankle by involving the thighs, knees, and the lower leg.
Lower Leg
The lower leg is located between the knee and ankle, involving bones such as the tibia and fibula. The muscle enclosing the back of the lower leg is called a calf.
Thigh
It is the area between the abdomen and the knee. The bone in the thigh is called Femur and it is very thick and known as the longest bone in the body. The bone is in the structure of the ball and socket located below between the hip and the joint at the knee.
Knee
It is the lower joint connecting the femur bone and the tibia. The knee is made of two separate joints named femoral-patellar and femoral tibial joints. The femoral-patellar joint has a patella or kneecap and the groove of the kneecap on the front side of the femur helps in sliding whereas the femoral-tibial joint connects the femur, and thigh bone with the tibia and the main bone to the lower leg. The knee also consists of cartilage tissue that prevents the rubbing of bones on each other, hence called the Menisci.
Ankle
It is the joint that formed between the foot and the lower leg. The ankle is a hinge joint that links the distal end of the tibia and fibula in the lower leg with the proximal end of the talus bone in the foot.
The foot is made to bear the weight of the whole body. They do have five toes and the bottom of the foot is called the sole. The ball in the foot is a place where the toes are attached. It is fleshy and muscular. Runners usually run by putting all the body weight on the balls of their feet for maintaining proper balance.
The torso or trunk is the largest part of the body. The main role of the trunk is to provide the core structure and a shape to the human body and to store all the internal organs like the heart, lungs, kidney stomach, liver, etc. to perform vital functions in the body. The torso also contains several bloody vessels and capillaries that exchange oxygen flow in the whole body.
One of the most important parts of the body is the Spine which provides support to the body. The spine is composed of separated bones called vertebrae; the cartilage tissue is present between vertebrae that prevent clashing of the bones. There is a total of 26 vertebrae in the spine.
Chest is the another main part of the body protected by a cage of many bones named the rib cage. The rib cage encloses the heart, lungs, and other internal organs. The muscles connected in this region are known as the pectoral muscle and trapezius muscle.
The torso includes parts such as the shoulder, chest, and rib cage enclosing the heart and lungs, the upper abdomen includes abdomen muscles, stomach, kidney, liver, and the lower abdomen includes small intestines, and large intestines, colon, and rectum. At last posterior part include the spine and glutes.
Bear crawl exercises primarily focus on strengthening your muscle and enhancing muscle power. It also improves your metabolism and enhances the health of your heart.
How to do it?
Bent down on your knee and get down on your hands, also the back should be straight and flat. Start walking in this position with your right foot and left arm forward, similarly with the left foot and right arm forward. That complete one repeat. Do this in 2-3 sets of 15-20 times each for 5 minutes.
Do Skipping for 45 minutes and you can burn more than 450 calories. Studies indicate that skipping works on the muscles of your shoulder, glutes, calves, and quad areas which leads to burning a lot of calories.
How to do it?
Stand straight with the gap between your feet corresponding to your shoulder-width apart and hold the handle of the rope tightly. Swing the rope at top of your head and jump quickly as the rope comes below your feet. The exercise might require a little bit of practice to get a flow at a faster rate but eventually, it will get better with regular practice.
The Jumping Jack workout is based on whole-body movement which mainly focuses on four quads. Doing it on a lesser degree of angle can also affect your shoulder, groin, calves, upper and lower back, thighs, and hamstring.
How to do it?
Stand with your feet close together and hands set alongside your thighs. Then hop with your feet stretch sideways and arms above your head simultaneously. Now jump back to your original position.
Practising jumping jacks for 30 minutes can help you burn 200 calories. However, doing it again and again at a regular pace could be challenging and exhausting. So, you can break them into three sessions of 10 minutes with 50 sets each and get a 5-minute rest in between. Rest between the exercise is very important as it gives you the energy to keep you in the form and don't make the exercise monotonous and tiring.
Stair training works on the areas like calves, hamstrings, glutes, and quads. It targets hour lower core of the body, it improves the stamina of your cardiovascular system. Walking up and down the stairs for 20-30 minutes at a constant speed. Slowly increase the time limit from 30 minutes to 40 minutes and speed to a quicker rate. The exercise could work gradually and time taking to work on your body.
Butt kicks mainly target your glutes and hamstrings. Stand straight with your feet spread the same as your shoulder-width apart and swing your arms toward each side one at a time. Now bend your right knee and touch your butt with your right ankle. Repeat the same with the left leg. Do it at a slow rate until you get on with it perfectly. Practice for 30 seconds to 1 minute with 2 or 3 sets each.
